Transcript for NASAConnect - Recipes For the Future

[00:00:13.819]
[Music]

[00:00:14.189]
[Van:] Oh, hi Shelley.

[00:00:15.239]
[Shelley:] Oh my gosh Van!

[00:00:17.329]
What is going on here?

[00:00:18.829]
You look as if you were
in the third fight,

[00:00:21.329]
you are the loosing
side, what are you doing?

[00:00:23.399]
[Van:] Well I was
making some cookies

[00:00:25.019]
for the NASA Connect Cast Party.

[00:00:26.649]
That turn out going
to be hard though.

[00:00:29.499]
[Shelley:] Hard is
an understatement,

[00:00:31.199]
Van you got some real
problems here.

[00:00:33.189]
[Van:] I thought may be you
could give me hand figure

[00:00:34.979]
out what I am doing wrong.

[00:00:36.079]
[Shelley:] Well is
this your recipe?

[00:00:37.179]
[Van:] Right.

[00:00:37.269]
[Shelley:] I can hardly
even read it?

[00:00:39.059]
[Van:] Well it's a copy
of a copy of a copy

[00:00:41.569]
that my great grandmother
wrote a long time ago.

[00:00:43.599]
[Shelley:] Oh man!

[00:00:44.189]
Then you got some problems.

[00:00:46.109]
And maybe - right now
WVEC channel thirteen,

[00:00:50.629]
they are having a daily cooking
show and if we are lucky,

[00:00:54.029]
we maybe able to actually catch
the program and have something

[00:00:59.629]
that too help you
with your problem.

[00:01:01.759]
[Van:] Okay.

[00:01:02.469]
[Announcer:] Coming to you from

[00:01:03.279]
[inaudible] Virginia and the
WVEC channel thirteen studios;

[00:01:05.669]
it's cooking with the stars
with your host Britney

[00:01:13.469]
[inaudible].

[00:01:13.799]
[Britney:] Hi everybody with me is
this week's co-host Daphne Reid.

[00:01:16.969]
Daphne have you ever picked
up a copy of Bon Aperitif

[00:01:19.179]
and saw a picture of a delicious
loaf of bread and said hey,

[00:01:22.009]
I can make that, all I have to
do is follow the recipe well.

[00:01:24.839]
You do and guess what it's
not delicious it's a disaster.

[00:01:27.839]
[Stephanie] Yeah!

[00:01:28.039]
That's what happened to us
last time we made some bread.

[00:01:32.369]
Last time we did our
show on Italian food,

[00:01:34.329]
this is what happened.

[00:01:35.479]
[Britney] Yeah!

[00:01:35.699]
I think that the

[00:01:36.889]
[inaudible] bread dough
got the better of us.

[00:01:38.589]
[Stephanie] Yeah here to help us
analyze the problem is a chemist

[00:01:41.499]
from the NASA Langley who
specializes in developing recipes

[00:01:44.339]
for future aerospace material.

[00:01:46.299]
Our guest this week and our
friend Doctor Catherine

[00:01:49.099]
[inaudible].

[00:01:49.099]
>> Hi Catherine.

[00:01:49.969]
How are you?

[00:01:50.419]
>> Hey! That's Catherine

[00:01:52.139]
[inaudible].

[00:01:52.139]
I know her from work.

[00:01:54.009]
>> Catherine great chefs are like
on some levels great chemists.

[00:01:57.739]
Now we thought because you are a
chemist you might have some insight

[00:02:00.139]
into what we did wrong last time.

[00:02:02.109]
>> Now would you explain how
a chemist follows a recipe?

[00:02:04.969]
[Catherine:] Glad to help, first
at NASA Langley a first step is

[00:02:07.949]
to determine the requirements
of the application.

[00:02:10.749]
In your case, you need
bread for an Italian meal.

[00:02:13.869]
Making bread involves
a chemical change.

[00:02:16.529]
This is different from physical
change such as boiling of water

[00:02:20.159]
that is water becomes
steam when heated,

[00:02:22.449]
but once steam cools it
becomes liquid again.

[00:02:25.019]
There is no change in a chemical
identity of the substance.

[00:02:27.939]
The chemical change
reaction involves conversion

[00:02:30.599]
of one substance into another.

[00:02:32.449]
Mixing and baking bread is an
example of a chemical change

[00:02:36.349]
because the flour the sugar

[00:02:37.569]
and other ingredients are
converted into a loaf of bread.

[00:02:41.319]
Daphne, Britney having the
proper ingredients is important.

[00:02:44.949]
However, also knowing
the properties

[00:02:47.159]
of the ingredients
is just as important

[00:02:48.889]
and producing a successful recipe.

[00:02:51.029]
Knowing the properties can also
help you determine what went wrong.

[00:02:54.679]
What were your ingredients?

[00:02:55.969]
>> We have flour, water,
yeast, sugar and salt.

[00:02:59.529]
[Catherine:] Let's take a look at
the properties of your ingredients.

[00:03:02.859]
Flour contains gluten
forming proteins

[00:03:05.069]
which allow the bread to rise.

[00:03:06.739]
Water helps the gluten make the
dough rise, yeast causes the bread

[00:03:09.949]
to rise and imparts flavor.

[00:03:11.839]
Sugar provides food for the yeast
and salt slows yeast activity.

[00:03:16.489]
What was wrong with your bread?

[00:03:17.879]
>> Well here is ours and it sure
looks like bread didn't rise.

[00:03:21.699]
>> No, I bought a loaf Picaci
this morning from the Chesapeake

[00:03:24.129]
[inaudible] bakery.

[00:03:24.369]
>> Let's take a look
at the difference here.

[00:03:29.349]
>> Now. What went wrong?

[00:03:31.479]
[Catherine:] There are
three possibilities.

[00:03:33.599]
Too much salt, yeast twisted
or insufficient rise time.

[00:03:38.289]
A successful recipe is determined
by using the proper ingredients,

[00:03:42.109]
using the right amounts,
mixing the ingredients properly

[00:03:45.629]
and heating and cooling
as required.

[00:03:47.889]
It sort of like what we are
do at NASA Langley for recipes

[00:03:50.469]
of materials used in airplane
and space vehicle research.

[00:03:54.049]
This means proper ingredients,

[00:03:55.629]
correct processing,
fabrication analysis.

[00:03:58.769]
>> Catharine thanks for
bringing some science to our show

[00:04:01.119]
and helping us clear
up our Picaci flop.

[00:04:04.409]
Well there you have it
the right recipe begins

[00:04:06.799]
with the right ingredients.

[00:04:07.979]
>> Yeah! We have also
learned from Catherine

[00:04:09.429]
that knowing the properties of
those ingredients can help the cook

[00:04:16.989]
that will predict what will happen

[00:04:20.989]
when the ingredients are
mixed substituted or changed.

[00:04:24.129]
Our cooking and yours is
likely to be more successful

[00:04:32.009]
when you know this, especially
when you are trying to cook

[00:04:41.009]
[00:04:42.239]
up a recipe for the future.

[00:04:50.109]
[Music]

[00:04:50.229]
>> You know Van, I think Daphne
Reid have a very important

[00:04:53.409]
message there.

[00:04:54.549]
Basically, she was saying
is that a good cook is more

[00:04:57.359]
than having just a recipe
and the ingredients,

[00:04:59.919]
a good cook is like
a kitchen scientist.

[00:05:02.029]
You know in the end it is
like your gathering data

[00:05:04.649]
from your cooking trials and
then making informed decisions

[00:05:07.759]
about what ingredients to you use,
how much to use, how to mix it

[00:05:11.389]
up and how to bake it?

[00:05:13.589]
You know I wonder if Doctor Cathy

[00:05:16.119]
[inaudible] at NASA
Langley might be able

[00:05:18.119]
to help us with your recipe.

[00:05:19.769]
>> That be great, may be she could
even help me rewrite my recipe

[00:05:23.509]
these cookies are just
so hard and crumbling.

[00:05:25.719]
>> Oh yeah.

[00:05:26.479]
Okay what's in lets do this.

[00:05:27.839]
Why don't you stay here and clean
this up, get more ingredients

[00:05:31.759]
out mean while I'll head over to
NASA Langley see if I can catch

[00:05:34.989]
up with Cathy in the colleagues
'cause they are doing some really

[00:05:37.229]
neat things with aerospace
materials and structures

[00:05:39.599]
and in fact they are really
cooking up recipes for the future.

[00:05:43.259]
>> You know that sounds
like a pretty good title

[00:05:45.319]
for our NASA Connect show.

[00:05:47.079]
>> You are right.

[00:05:47.699]
Hey and gang how about this,
we will leave him here,

[00:05:50.839]
you and I lets head on over
to NASA Langley and see

[00:05:53.939]
if we can find some things
out there that's going

[00:05:56.279]
to help Van in his recipe.

[00:05:59.219]
Well, this a research and
NASA Langley to learn more

[00:06:01.539]
about the recipes they are
cooking up for aerospace structures

[00:06:04.369]
and materials and we will see if
any of their steps might be helpful

[00:06:07.499]
to Van, so take careful
notes and while we are

[00:06:10.279]
at it we'll find a thing or two
about the composite material

[00:06:12.549]
that NASA Langley cooking
up to build the airplane

[00:06:14.769]
and space vehicles of the future

[00:06:17.229]
>> And as we go through the
show, you will be challenged

[00:06:19.499]
by an experiment and composite
materials that students performed

[00:06:22.849]
[inaudible] Middle School
in Chesapeake, Virginia.

[00:06:26.049]
Oh! And when you see this
banner; that's your clue to check

[00:06:28.789]
out from more fun
information and activities

[00:06:31.229]
on the NASA Connect website.

[00:06:32.999]
>>That's right and be thinking

[00:06:34.319]
about questions during this
program, because you are going

[00:06:36.259]
to have a chance to call
and then e-mail in questions

[00:06:38.579]
to our NASA researchers.

[00:06:40.129]
Evan let's go cracking.

[00:06:41.859]
Whoa..

[00:06:42.099]
>> Cathy hello, thank for
letting me come by here today.

[00:06:47.969]
>> Hi! Shelley no trouble, this
is my colleague Roberto Canna

[00:06:51.059]
from the composite
fabrications laboratory.

[00:06:52.849]
>> Pleasure to meet you.

[00:06:53.479]
What's up?

[00:06:54.329]
>> Well, what's up is
my friend Van Hughes,

[00:06:56.809]
he is trying to cook some thing
up and is having little problem

[00:06:59.529]
with his cookie recipe, since
that his cookies are way too hard,

[00:07:03.339]
they are not chewy and
they crumble very easily.

[00:07:06.089]
Well, Cathy we saw you
today on the WVECU cooking

[00:07:08.889]
with the stars program and
thought may be here at NASA Langley

[00:07:12.709]
where you are involved with the
composite materials laboratory

[00:07:15.999]
that there might be a recipe
that you have that could help us

[00:07:19.059]
or something that's you do
that could give us some advice

[00:07:21.909]
to help Van and his problem.

[00:07:23.909]
>> Burt I would be glad to help,
in fact the process that Burt

[00:07:26.579]
and I fall under, the Composite
Fabrication Laboratory might offer

[00:07:29.269]
solutions to Vans problems.

[00:07:30.479]
>> Oh! That's great, but
now I've got a question.

[00:07:32.589]
What is a composite material

[00:07:34.609]
and just how is a
composite material made?

[00:07:37.869]
>> A composite material is made
of two more different materials.

[00:07:40.889]
Composite materials have
been throughout history,

[00:07:43.119]
for instance ancient Egyptians
used the very basic composite

[00:07:46.129]
material in the construction
of there houses drawn that.

[00:07:48.919]
They can buy these few materials
to make a third stronger one.

[00:07:52.859]
>> One of our goals that
NASA Langley is to develop,

[00:07:56.269]
stronger more durable lighter
weight materials for use

[00:07:58.779]
in airplanes and space vehicles.

[00:08:01.009]
NASA Langley research center is
the agency's centre of excellence

[00:08:03.959]
for structures and
material research.

[00:08:06.279]
We can identify five steps
in composite development.

[00:08:09.449]
They may use similar
steps in planning

[00:08:11.189]
and preparing and cooking recipe.

[00:08:13.369]
Identify the application, develop
materials to meet requirements,

[00:08:17.219]
process the material,
test the material

[00:08:19.619]
and make structural components.

[00:08:21.649]
>> Okay. How about it, could
you give me some examples

[00:08:24.529]
of how these steps work
for composite development?

[00:08:27.359]
>> Glad to, a mix plan per step.

[00:08:30.009]
NASA has challenged their
researchers to find ways

[00:08:32.519]
to make planes and
space vehicles tougher,

[00:08:34.609]
stronger, lighter, cheaper.

[00:08:36.699]
Our job is researchers, is to
develop new materials or to improve

[00:08:39.909]
on existing materials.

[00:08:41.919]
Our work at NASA Langley
involves development

[00:08:43.759]
of characterization of parlors.

[00:08:45.519]
A parlor is a huge chain like
molecule built up by the reputation

[00:08:48.659]
of small simple chemical unit.

[00:08:50.849]
Parlors can be flexible
or stiff, tougher,

[00:08:53.349]
brittle, strong but lively.

[00:08:55.339]
>> Okay so what's the next step?

[00:08:56.949]
>> We will first start
the application

[00:08:58.629]
with polymer need to be reinforced.

[00:09:00.549]
Typically it's done
with the carbon fiber.

[00:09:02.349]
And one way we combined
the carbon fiber

[00:09:04.269]
with the polymer is a
like free preged tape

[00:09:06.609]
>> Free Preged tape?

[00:09:08.139]
>> Let me show you what I mean?

[00:09:09.939]
The principle of free pregging goes
back to early days of aviation.

[00:09:13.589]
The plans were made up of a wood
structured covered with the skin

[00:09:15.939]
of fabric coated glue.

[00:09:17.629]
This combination of the glue

[00:09:18.899]
and the fabric will
reform composite material.

[00:09:22.119]
We develop the prepared material

[00:09:23.419]
that combines the
NASA Langley develop

[00:09:24.899]
to present system thirty-five
with the carbon fiber iron seven.

[00:09:28.129]
This material developed
for application

[00:09:29.969]
with the commercial
Super Sonic Aircraft.

[00:09:32.479]
To fabricate iron seven thirty
five preferred many aims

[00:09:35.619]
of iron seven carbon fibers
are introduced into depend.

[00:09:38.799]
And it depend, the fibers go
over and under as series of bars.

[00:09:41.839]
And the raisin solution is poured

[00:09:43.579]
into the pan the bars help force
the raisin into the fiber bundles.

[00:09:47.609]
We now quoted fibers exit the
pan and go through a series

[00:09:50.549]
of ovens and nip rolls.

[00:09:52.349]
The oven and nip rollers process
the material into uniform tape

[00:09:56.119]
that is taken up to begin.

[00:09:57.819]
This tape is

[00:09:58.899]
[inaudible] free preg and can not
be used to make composite parts.

[00:10:01.839]
As layers in the new
material of process together

[00:10:04.169]
that creates a tough structure
that is lighter than metal

[00:10:06.629]
but is strong and is stiff.

[00:10:08.439]
>> Well this has been fascinating,
but what pointers you might be able

[00:10:11.529]
to get to me so I can pass on
to Van with his cooking problem.

[00:10:15.519]
>> Even the Van requirements
were soften

[00:10:17.169]
to a cookie I like man
using half butter and half

[00:10:20.969]
[inaudible] making the
cookies that three hundred

[00:10:22.609]
and fifty degrees
Fahrenheit in a preheated oven

[00:10:24.749]
for about eight to twelve minutes.

[00:10:26.839]
>> Also to make the cookies
more chewy he could -

[00:10:28.369]
you oatmeal raisins
or truffle chips.

[00:10:30.339]
Well I also want to make a
composite material even to test

[00:10:32.719]
to see how well it performs though
it is also recommended Van tests

[00:10:35.149]
his cookies before
serves them to anyone.

[00:10:37.259]
>> Sure I recommended to talk to
David Magellan and Dr. Ted Johnson.

[00:10:40.579]
They have a lot of
experience in area testing.

[00:10:42.659]
>> Fantastic.

[00:10:43.639]
>> I am going to give Van with the
information that you shared with me

[00:10:46.619]
than I am going to be all
my ways, thanks so much

[00:10:48.969]
for all your help
today, appreciate it.

[00:10:50.759]
>> You are welcome.

[00:10:52.409]
>> Okay then did you give out that?

[00:10:54.509]
>> I figured out some of the
ingredients and now I have

[00:10:56.929]
to figure out is the
quantity of the ingredients.

[00:11:00.309]
And then I will focus on
Cathy and Roberto's ideas

[00:11:03.079]
on the oven temperature,
baking time and the properties.

[00:11:06.779]
>> Okay great and meanwhile
I am going to head on over

[00:11:09.479]
to the materials testing
and see what I can find out

[00:11:11.599]
and I will give you a call back.

[00:11:12.789]
>> Okay but it is not like it has
some butter burning on the stove.

[00:11:15.399]
So I thought you ...

[00:11:15.999]
>> Hi. Dave

[00:11:16.369]
>> Hi Cathy Collins,
have you becoming over.

[00:11:20.359]
Seems like your friend Van has
to test out his cookie recipe.

[00:11:24.489]
>> See like different brand as
it just out as cookie recipe.

[00:11:27.099]
>> Yes Dave, he has
a little problem,

[00:11:28.699]
he is trying to get a cookie
that is taste good is chewy

[00:11:32.349]
and it doesn't crumbles.

[00:11:33.339]
So I thought maybe if I can
never hear and solve the process

[00:11:37.029]
to testing new materials maybe
there some that I can learn

[00:11:40.439]
from this to share with Van,
do you think he could help?

[00:11:43.169]
>> I think so, Todd my both
test and analyze structures

[00:11:45.759]
for new aerospace and vehicles.

[00:11:47.509]
I usually test the room temperature
and Todd actually tests them

[00:11:50.359]
at extreme temperatures.

[00:11:53.199]
Since I use the test of room
temperature, the components

[00:11:55.629]
of add test are larger than
those that Ted uses in his

[00:11:58.039]
[inaudible] structural tests.

[00:11:59.689]
What typically happens here is been
component of the vehicle structure

[00:12:02.549]
that were interested in as
built and shipped to our labs.

[00:12:05.609]
Within a five centers to it to
help us understand how it behaves

[00:12:08.659]
on the different loads of forces.

[00:12:10.549]
This panel here is the part of
the key role or bottom section

[00:12:13.159]
of a high speed civic
transport supersonic aircraft.

[00:12:16.249]
This vehicle will be
capable flying at speed

[00:12:18.489]
up to two point four
times the speed of sound.

[00:12:21.089]
This panel is made from the IM7

[00:12:23.429]
[inaudible] five composite that
Cathy and Roberto talked about.

[00:12:26.999]
This panel will be
tested in tension;

[00:12:28.859]
well we can use this
machine to apply

[00:12:30.479]
up to one point two million
pounds of force on to the panel

[00:12:33.229]
until the breaks are fail.

[00:12:34.949]
>> Well we test pounds here at room
temperature Todd also has thermal

[00:12:40.049]
structural test as smaller panels
are using layout the same deposit

[00:12:43.179]
of material.

[00:12:44.319]
>> That's right NASA has
it's a research program

[00:12:46.359]
to develop a reusable launch
vehicle known as X33 and X34

[00:12:49.949]
which we used in transport
people and materials

[00:12:52.799]
to orbit at a lower cost.

[00:12:54.789]
In order to see how effectively

[00:12:56.659]
[inaudible] deposits can work
in harsh environments and space

[00:12:59.809]
that test relatively small samples
of composite materials to look

[00:13:02.919]
at hydrogen proponent
things physically test here.

[00:13:06.279]
In one test we use liquid nitrogen

[00:13:08.249]
and liquid helium to
cool the specimen.

[00:13:10.419]
The panel is cooled
to negative point

[00:13:12.079]
of twenty three degrees Fahrenheit,

[00:13:14.839]
then a mechanical load is applied.

[00:13:16.639]
An example of how cold
liquid nitrogen is,

[00:13:19.229]
we'll dip this carnation
into liquid nitrogen

[00:13:21.409]
and see how brittle
the flower's become.

[00:13:23.319]
>> In one test, we pushed
material to the max.

[00:13:30.889]
In some materials we

[00:13:32.539]
[inaudible] one surface
of panel to minus

[00:13:33.909]
[inaudible] degrees Fahrenheit of
the same time as the other side

[00:13:38.379]
of the panel to two hundred
fifty degrees Fahrenheit.

[00:13:42.899]
[00:13:44.219]
Sections of the material is then
placed beneath a microscope to look

[00:13:49.199]
for any cracks or flaws.

[00:13:50.869]
If the flaws falls within
unacceptable ranges during the time

[00:13:54.549]
of these test you retest
the material or even go back

[00:13:58.129]
to the drawing board to
change the fabrication process

[00:14:00.909]
or the material.

[00:14:02.329]
>> Gentlemen thank you so much
for your times today in helping

[00:14:04.889]
to explain to me the process
of testing new materials.

[00:14:08.309]
But now that brings me back to Van.

[00:14:10.499]
What would you suggest Van
should do with his cookies,

[00:14:13.749]
how should he test his cookies?

[00:14:15.829]
>> I think he should
try a bending test,

[00:14:17.539]
performed at room temperature,

[00:14:18.649]
that way he can see how
well the cookie holds up

[00:14:20.549]
and whether or not it crumbles.

[00:14:22.649]
>> Also to the extreme, you know

[00:14:25.269]
[inaudible], to test how
well his cookie hold up.

[00:14:26.459]
You should try a thermal
dunking test.

[00:14:28.539]
Firstly he dunks it in cold
milk and then hot chocolate.

[00:14:31.929]
>> Oh, that really sounds like
some good test, thank you very much

[00:14:35.099]
and I will report back
to Van thanks again.

[00:14:39.869]
>> Ah! And the thermal test
it went well, great, right?

[00:14:43.299]
What about the bending test?

[00:14:45.259]
>> Well, I'm ready to test it now.

[00:14:47.369]
[00:14:49.339]
Oh wow these are bending really
well; I think this recipe works.

[00:14:54.799]
>> Van I think you are forgetting
the most importance test.

[00:14:58.069]
>> Oh what's that?

[00:14:59.479]
>> The taste test?

[00:15:01.139]
>> The taste test, alright
well, I'll call you back

[00:15:04.219]
with my final results.

[00:15:05.469]
But first, I have
something planned.

[00:15:08.199]
While I get ready for
this most important test,

[00:15:11.049]
Shelley is going back to the NASA
Connect studio with some researches

[00:15:14.289]
who are on hand to take your
phone calls and e-mail questions

[00:15:17.189]
about composite materials and
future vehicles like the X-33.

[00:15:21.049]
Meanwhile I am going
to send you to Hugo

[00:15:23.049]
[inaudible] Middle School
where you will see students

[00:15:25.219]
from the classroom of
science teacher Bernadette

[00:15:27.879]
[inaudible] Smith conducting an
experiment, examining the strength

[00:15:31.209]
of the several materials.

[00:15:32.929]
Follow along and after
that you will be challenged

[00:15:35.189]
to make your own analysis and
predictions based on their results.

[00:15:39.049]
>> Hi, we are the
students from Hugo

[00:15:41.789]
[inaudible] Middle School.

[00:15:42.529]
[Students]

[00:15:42.699]
[inaudible] Virginia.

[00:15:43.129]
>> NASA Connect astro science and
math teachers Miss Bernadette Smith

[00:15:50.419]
and Miss Angela Lanes who have
our class investigate the strength

[00:15:53.919]
and the fraction of a
composite material with

[00:15:56.119]
and about the use of reinforcement.

[00:15:58.759]
Miss Smith reviews some vocabulary
returns which will help us

[00:16:02.189]
in our composite research.

[00:16:04.399]
A polymer is a large molecule
built by the repetition

[00:16:07.529]
of small simple chemical units.

[00:16:10.009]
Nylon, Polyester, Teflon and
rubber are examples of polymers.

[00:16:14.819]
The fiber is a long thin strand
of materials such as Nylon,

[00:16:19.089]
hair, wood or even glass.

[00:16:22.059]
Stress cracks are external or
internal cracks anybody caused

[00:16:25.689]
by the application of
forces to the body.

[00:16:28.609]
Maximum deflection is the
largest deflection that a body

[00:16:32.609]
or structures allowed to take
well in use before failure.

[00:16:36.949]
Having reviewed these terms
we're now ready to divide

[00:16:39.699]
into our research teams.

[00:16:41.639]
>> Here are the procedures we
follow to do the experiments

[00:16:44.899]
and you can do it too.

[00:16:46.769]
Cut out of about six
pieces of eight

[00:16:50.319]
by fifteen centimeters
across the Board.

[00:16:53.659]
Two of these will be used with
out any reinforcement or binding.

[00:16:59.509]
Two will be used with the epoxy

[00:17:01.729]
[inaudible] and two will
be used with the epoxy

[00:17:05.709]
[inaudible].

[00:17:05.879]
For the epoxy preparation
put on the rubber gloves

[00:17:11.179]
and safety glasses
and then squeeze out

[00:17:14.779]
[inaudible] two parts epoxy to make
a pool about the size of a quarter

[00:17:19.739]
on the back of the poster of board.

[00:17:21.729]
Mix thoroughly with the epoxy

[00:17:25.679]
[inaudible], spread the
epoxy evenly over the surface

[00:17:28.979]
of the first poster board,
take the second poster board

[00:17:32.979]
and press the two pieces together.

[00:17:36.289]
Weigh the sample down
to help consolidated

[00:17:39.819]
after you have done this,
let the epoxy near to us

[00:17:43.309]
across the board dry
for 10 minutes.

[00:17:46.459]
Now we will prepare the fiber
glass epoxy poster board composite.

[00:17:51.479]
Spread the epoxy to one side
of the board with the epoxy

[00:17:56.209]
and lay the piece of fiber
glass on top of the glue.

[00:18:01.329]
Once this is done lay the back
of the second poster board on top

[00:18:05.729]
of the fiber glass and
press to form a sample.

[00:18:09.639]
The thickness of each
sample is measured

[00:18:12.419]
for its strength calculation.

[00:18:14.979]
Our math teacher Mrs. William
provides us with the number.

[00:18:20.589]
While the epoxy poster board and
the fiber glass board are drying,

[00:18:25.129]
its time to begin testing the
now composite poster board.

[00:18:30.199]
>> Take the two five meter sticks
and have the bridges placed

[00:18:32.759]
between the two desks
using the ruler

[00:18:35.159]
and measure the inside
distance between the sticks,

[00:18:37.799]
its six centimeters apart so there
was support they poster board.

[00:18:41.349]
This is called the stand.

[00:18:43.379]
Make sure you have taped down
the sticks on to the desk,

[00:18:47.159]
tie one of those strings on to a

[00:18:49.369]
[inaudible] candle and tie other
end into a loop big enough to slide

[00:18:53.959]
over the leght wise part
of the poster board.

[00:18:56.559]
Be sure to measure out and
that enough string so that the

[00:18:59.719]
[inaudible] dangle five
centimeters above the ground.

[00:19:02.689]
This distance from the ground is
our designed maximum inflections.

[00:19:06.379]
And is the design we
planned of this experiment.

[00:19:09.359]
Now set the poster
board over the sticks

[00:19:11.619]
and let the jug hang down gently.

[00:19:14.029]
>> Carefully pour the water into
the jar as for the test materials

[00:19:18.289]
[inaudible].

[00:19:18.589]
We cut the jar with the word NSJ.

[00:19:22.609]
Place this on to the
scales and tell

[00:19:24.619]
that how much weight cost the
post to board to bend or break.

[00:19:28.269]
Whereas we have tested the
plane board, the epoxy board

[00:19:31.429]
and fiber glass board,
we will compare our data

[00:19:34.759]
with the other teams.

[00:19:36.469]
Now we have finished our experiment
Mrs William helped us to think

[00:19:40.979]
about where our data might show us

[00:19:43.249]
and what mathematical statements
we might write to analyze the data.

[00:19:48.589]
[00:19:50.009]
>> Okay joining in the studio our

[00:19:52.509]
[inaudible] in materials research
engineer and NASA Langley here

[00:19:55.609]
in Hampton Virginia
also don't know what

[00:19:58.289]
in the space transportation
program that Martian

[00:20:00.559]
and Space Flight Centre in

[00:20:01.969]
[inaudible] Alabama but before
we take to our researchers

[00:20:06.319]
and let you ask some questions,
let's give you a chance

[00:20:08.899]
to your own computations
using the data

[00:20:10.979]
from the experiments you just saw,

[00:20:12.849]
then after this segment our two
researchers will be answering your

[00:20:15.769]
e-mail questions and taking
question from our viewing audience.

[00:20:18.689]
Okay, now the carefree for
data and use the information

[00:20:21.879]
in the following diagrams
work with your fellow students

[00:20:24.379]
to answer the question as read
aloud by Dr. Catherine Fay.

[00:20:27.869]
>> From the data presented

[00:20:30.569]
which specimen has the
highest flex strength, why?

[00:20:34.969]
[00:21:10.149]
>> Based on the data presented

[00:21:11.629]
which specimen has some
lowest flex strength, why?

[00:21:16.059]
[00:21:50.139]
>> Why is there such
a big difference

[00:21:51.549]
between the flex strengths
of specimens one and two?

[00:21:55.359]
[00:22:29.179]
[Shelley:] Okay, we are back
and with me our Alberto Cano

[00:22:31.889]
and Bill Millwood to
answer your questions,

[00:22:33.829]
but to start this off though let
me go to you, get some little more

[00:22:36.959]
about this X33 and X34 what
is this, what are they?

[00:22:40.739]
>> Oh, thanks Shelley.

[00:22:41.759]
It's sort of like the cookie
taste test, it's the final test

[00:22:44.399]
for new material once they
are developed in the lab

[00:22:46.619]
and then tested on the ground
the next step is to fly them

[00:22:49.529]
and the X33 and X34 do just that,

[00:22:51.979]
they are both unpiloted
test vehicles,

[00:22:54.059]
the X34 flies eight times
the speed of sound that's

[00:22:57.019]
about a hundred times faster than
your parents would drive a car.

[00:22:59.809]
And X33 flies even faster at
fifteen times of speed of sound,

[00:23:03.329]
they both will fly next year
and the material will lead

[00:23:05.789]
to lower cost for usable
spacecraft in the future

[00:23:08.359]
and these future space vehicles
will takes to Mars and beyond.

[00:23:11.789]
>> Wow, we are really
talking up some

[00:23:13.229]
of the future vehicles
here then aren't we?.

[00:23:14.919]
>> That's right.

[00:23:15.579]
>> Well we already have some e-mail
questions waiting for us, let me go

[00:23:18.849]
and take your first
e-mail question,

[00:23:20.899]
that question what are the
different categories of composites

[00:23:24.849]
if I want to take that.

[00:23:25.919]
>> Well Shelley, it's a
power of major composites

[00:23:27.869]
that we saw during the show
which are reinforced plastics.

[00:23:31.379]
It's all some room for metals
where metal may make composites

[00:23:34.059]
and got you also have
composite ceramics,

[00:23:35.369]
here ceramics matrix
composites so its various types

[00:23:38.069]
of the composites you can use.

[00:23:39.579]
>> Okay, so tell us the all
these different composites

[00:23:41.799]
when do you know when
to use which one?

[00:23:44.189]
>> Depend on the application
what the application's needs,

[00:23:46.979]
what the temperature used dictates
what kind of matrix you going

[00:23:50.019]
to use and the kind
of reinforcement.

[00:23:51.809]
>> Okay so it's the requirement
that's in the application.

[00:23:54.609]
Okay what...I understand
we've got a caller out there,

[00:23:56.959]
it's a caller hey how about
giving us your first name

[00:23:59.359]
and your question please.

[00:24:01.419]
[00:24:02.769]
>> How long does it take to
build new airplane material?

[00:24:06.369]
>> How long does it take
to build a new airplane?

[00:24:10.159]
Well why don't you give us
a little idea about the X33

[00:24:13.419]
and X34 what's the
time line on that?

[00:24:15.729]
>> Okay these aircraft are
very short high-risk programs.

[00:24:19.299]
Both of them were contracted
for thirty month time period

[00:24:22.879]
from the authority to
proceed to first flight.

[00:24:25.969]
>> All right so it will take let
may be two year before we would

[00:24:29.259]
actually see this flying then?

[00:24:30.859]
>> Three years.

[00:24:31.509]
>> Three years, thirty
months type of thing.

[00:24:33.499]
Okay very good.

[00:24:34.359]
That was a excellent question.

[00:24:35.589]
Thank you.

[00:24:36.289]
Well I am going to go
back to the e-mails.

[00:24:37.409]
You get a couple of
more e-mail questions.

[00:24:39.319]
But calling with questions
if you have them,

[00:24:41.629]
our second e-mail question how
are composite materials being used

[00:24:45.699]
with the X33, let's
go back to you Bill?

[00:24:48.029]
>> Okay with the X33, this is scale
model the actual vehicles much

[00:24:51.859]
large than this and is also larger
than X34 by a small amount now.

[00:24:55.699]
It has two hydrogen composite
tanks and a thrust structure.

[00:24:58.729]
The hydrogen tanks
are full of fuel.

[00:25:01.319]
>> All right, very good.

[00:25:02.539]
>> And the X34 which will
fly next May as well,

[00:25:07.269]
it has a composite fuel tank up
front and also has a structure

[00:25:10.799]
which is a backbone of vehicle
which is made out of composites.

[00:25:13.739]
And these two vehicles by
having lighter weight materials

[00:25:16.379]
that are reusable will lead

[00:25:17.989]
to less expensive
spacecraft for the future.

[00:25:20.359]
>> All right very
good and I understand,

[00:25:22.059]
now we've got someone else who is
going to ask us some questions.

[00:25:24.679]
So let's go back out to
our viewers and caller how

[00:25:27.679]
about giving us your first
name and your question.

[00:25:31.369]
[00:25:33.389]
>> And a caller there?

[00:25:34.519]
>> Yeah! My name is

[00:25:36.989]
[inaudible].

[00:25:36.989]
>> I repeat the question
again please.

[00:25:40.479]
>> And my question is how
did, when you played your hand

[00:25:47.389]
in that liquid stuff and
how did you get it so cold?

[00:25:53.689]
>> Okay that's going back to
where we saw Dr. Ted Johnson.

[00:25:57.449]
The actually had some protective
ware on he had put a flower

[00:26:02.319]
in there and that was
may be you do one answer,

[00:26:05.209]
do you want to answer anything
about what he was doing there?

[00:26:08.759]
>> Well he just stuck the flower
in liquid nitrogen which froze it

[00:26:12.179]
and when he was trying that he
was wearing cryogenic gloves

[00:26:15.569]
which protected his hand.

[00:26:16.599]
>> All right so he was
doing a lot of safety there.

[00:26:19.109]
All right.

[00:26:20.009]
Let's just take one quick
final e-mail question

[00:26:22.919]
and quick response to this please.

[00:26:24.649]
What are some examples in our daily
lives were composite materials are

[00:26:28.159]
being used, this is for one of you.

[00:26:30.299]
>> Oh! One place were composites
are used is in sporting goods

[00:26:32.589]
that is in tennis rackets
and other applications

[00:26:34.629]
where you can use these
types of material.

[00:26:36.829]
>> All right sporting goods.

[00:26:38.219]
All right well I see we are
quickly running out of time Alberto

[00:26:41.699]
and Bill thank you very much
for joining us here today.

[00:26:44.089]
And thanks to all of
the partners and guests

[00:26:46.399]
that contributed to
today's program.

[00:26:49.259]
If you want to learn more about
today's topic visit our web panel

[00:26:55.889]
of experts and to try your own hand

[00:26:58.299]
that becoming a production
scientist then jump

[00:27:00.679]
into our online experiment,
secret formulas.

[00:27:03.679]
Finally for a video tape copy
of this NASA Connect show

[00:27:06.639]
and lesson plans, contact CORE the
NASA Central Operation of Resources

[00:27:10.939]
for Educators for NASA Connect.

[00:27:13.589]
I am Shelley Camry.

[00:27:17.399]
>> Hello.

[00:27:17.889]
>> Van, hey so tell me how
did it go did we have a flop

[00:27:21.069]
or a future sensation.

[00:27:22.959]
>> What I can't hear you.

[00:27:24.399]
What's all that noise
at the background,

[00:27:25.969]
where are you calling from?

[00:27:27.219]
>> I enrolled in Johnson
and Wales university,

[00:27:30.229]
College of Culinary Arts
in Northern Virginia.

[00:27:32.379]
I think I do have
a future sensation.

[00:27:34.999]
The Jumbo Jet of all cookies.

[00:27:37.309]
The dough is prepared,
the oatmeal and raising

[00:27:40.049]
[inaudible] have been
added and the oven's heated

[00:27:47.139]
and the shape is made I
think it's time for lift off.

[00:27:56.139]
[00:28:00.999]
Oh! Well join us next time when we
connect you to the world of math,

[00:28:04.879]
science and NASA for NASA
Connect, I am Van Hughes.

[00:28:10.489]
Good bye. Now you should

[00:28:15.089]
[inaudible].

[00:28:15.089]

The Open Video Project is managed at the Interaction Design Laboratory,
at the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill