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Transcript for NASASciFiles - The Case of the Challenging Flight
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HEY, YOU.
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HEY, ME?
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YEAH, YOU.
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COME SEE OUR CLUBHOUSE IN A TREE.
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WE ARE KIDS ON A MISSION TO EDUCATE
OURSELVES BY THE NASA VISION.
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COME EXPLORE MATH AND SCIENCE
'CAUSE THAT'S WHAT MAKES
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OUR ALLIANCE.
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WE ARE THE "WHY?"
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FILES CLUB.
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WE YEARN TO LEARN AND WANT TO
SEE EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN BE.
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SO COME JOIN US ON OUR JOURNEY.
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DON'T YOU TOUCH THAT DIAL.
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AND WELCOME TO THE NASA "WHY?"
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FILES.
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THIS IS KIDS SCIENCE NEW
NETWORK, AND I'M TED TUNE.
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AVIATION ENTHUSIASTS
ARE ALL AFLUTTER TODAY
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WITH THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF
THE $10 MILLION "X" PRIZE.
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THAT'S RIGHT; IF YOU CAN DESIGN
A REUSABLE AIRCRAFT CAPABLE
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OF TAKING THREE TOURISTS INTO
SPACE, THE $10 MILLION IS YOURS.
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WOW, I COULD BUY A LOT OF AIR
FRESHENER WITH 10 MILLION BUCKS.
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OH, SORRY.
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A LITTLE CLOSER TO HOME, THE ANNUAL
EGGS-TRAORDINARY AIRPLANE CONTEST
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IS SET TO GET UNDERWAY NEXT WEEK.
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WE HAVE A LIVE REPORT
FROM I.M. LISSNING.
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TED, I'M HERE AT THE SITE
OF THIS YEAR'S CONTEST.
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ONLY DAYS FROM NOW, TEAMS FROM ALL
OVER THE AREA WILL COMPETE TO SEE
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WHICH AIRPLANE CAN
FLY THE FARTHEST.
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THE TWIST IS THAT EACH PLANE
MUST BE MADE COMPLETELY
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OUT OF EGG CARTONS.
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WE'LL HAVE TO WAIT AND SEE
EGGS-ACTLY HOW EACH TEAM SOLVES THE
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PROBLEMS OF FLIGHT.
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CAN AN AIRPLANE MADE OUT
OF EGG CARTONS REALLY FLY?
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WILL THE TREE HOUSE DETECTIVES
PLACE DEAD LAST AGAIN THIS YEAR?
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WE MAY NEVER KNOW.
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BACK TO YOU, TED.
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YEAH, WE KNOW ALL ABOUT THE
EGGS-TRAORDINARY COMPETITION.
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EVERYONE AT THE COMPETITION
KNOWS US AS THE BIG LOSERS.
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WE COME IN LAST PLACE EVERY YEAR.
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THIS IS THE ENTRY FROM LAST YEAR.
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LOOKS LIKE A WINNER COMPARED
TO MY ENTRY FROM LAST YEAR.
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WHAT DID YOU DO?
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I JUST STUCK A FUSELAGE
THROUGH THE EGG CARTON.
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IT DOESN'T EVEN FLY.
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YOU CAN LEARN A LOT
FROM YOUR FAILURES.
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EVEN THE WRIGHT BROTHERS,
WILBUR AND ORVILLE,
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HAD A FEW FAILURES BEFORE THEY
TOOK FLIGHT ON DECEMBER 17, 1903,
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IN KITTY HAWK, NORTH CAROLINA.
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I FOUND THESE FACTS ON NASA "WHY?"
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FILES WEBSITE.
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A LOT OF INVENTORS
ENTERED AVIATION CONTESTS.
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LIKE US?
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NOT EXACTLY LIKE US.
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BACK IN 1927, CHARLES LINDBERGH
WON THE ORTEIG PRIZE OF $25,000
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FOR BEING THE FIRST TO CROSS
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN A PLANE.
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HE FLEW FROM NEW YORK
TO PARIS, FRANCE.
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YOU SEE, WITHOUT THESE CONTESTS,
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WE MIGHT NOT HAVE THE ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY OR THE AIRPLANES
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THAT WE HAVE RIGHT NOW.
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DON'T FORGET THE RACE TO SPACE.
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IF WE HADN'T COMPETED WITH RUSSIA,
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NASA MIGHT NOT HAVE SENT
THE FIRST MAN TO THE MOON.
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NOW THAT'S TRUE.
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I THINK WE NEED TO RESEARCH
THE HISTORY OF FLIGHT.
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REMEMBER WHAT WE LEARNED
ABOUT SCIENCE AS INQUIRY?
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RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT.
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LET'S SURF THE INTERNET.
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I'LL LET YOU IN ON
SOMETHING REALLY NEAT.
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NASA HAS A WEBSITE
ON HOW THINGS FLY.
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LOOK; HERE'S THE FUN FACT
FILE ON THE HISTORY OF FLIGHT.
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LET'S CLICK HERE.
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AND NOW AVIATION HISTORY.
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HERE'S DR. TEXTBOOK.
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HELLO.
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SINCE THE BEGINNING OF TIME, MAN
HAS LOOKED UP AT BIRDS WITH AWE
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AND HAS WONDERED,
"WHY CAN'T WE FLY?"
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MYTHOLOGY GIVES US THE STORY
OF ICARUS, WHO FLEW TOO CLOSE
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TO THE SUN, MELTING HIS WINGS
MADE OF FEATHERS AND WAX.
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IN THE 15TH CENTURY, LEONARDO
DA VINCI MADE OVER 150 DRAWINGS
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OF HIS IDEAS FOR A FLYING MACHINE.
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BUT IT WAS GEORGE CAYLEY
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WHO NOTICED HOW A BIRD'S
WINGS KEPT THEM IN THE AIR.
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HE MADE A NUMBER OF
VARIOUS GLIDERS,
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TESTING OUT DIFFERENT
WING SHAPES AND PATTERNS.
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WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT WROTE
LETTERS TO OCTAVE CHANUTE,
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WHO WAS DESIGNING
GLIDERS, AND HE HELPED THEM
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WITH THE FORCES OF FLIGHT.
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AFTER MANY TRIAL RUNS
WITH VARIOUS GLIDERS,
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THE WRIGHT BROTHERS MADE THE FIRST
SUCCESSFUL CONTROLLED POWERED
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FLIGHT WITH A PILOT
ON BOARD IN 1903.
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SO AS AN ODE TO ALL THE PEOPLE WHO
MADE THE FIRST FLIGHT POSSIBLE,
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I WILL FLY ACROSS A
SAND DUNE IN MY WINGS.
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NOT A VERY GOOD IDEA.
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THIS HAS BEEN AVIATION HISTORY.
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THAT'S SO COOL.
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THE PIONEERS OF AVIATION
HAD A LOT OF CHALLENGES.
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I THINK WE NEED TO LEARN
ABOUT OUR CHALLENGES AND TRY
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TO WIN THE COMPETITION.
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BUT HOW DO WE THAT?
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I THINK WE NEED TO
LEARN HOW PLANES FLY.
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THE AIR AND SPACE
MUSEUM WOULD BE A START.
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LET'S SEE IF OUR PARENTS
CAN TAKE US.
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I FOUND OUR RESEARCH NOTEBOOKS,
SO WE CAN TAKE PLENTY OF NOTES.
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I ALSO FOUND THE GET UP AND
GO WORK SHEET ON THE "WHY?"
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FILES WEBSITE.
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THIS WILL BE JUST WHAT
I NEED TO KEEP TRACK
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OF WHAT WE LEARN ON THE FIELD TRIP.
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SO LET'S GET UP AND GO.
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THIS IS SO COOL.
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LOOK, THERE'S THE ORIGINAL
WRIGHT BROTHERS' PLANE.
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LOOK OVER THERE; THERE'S
THE SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS.
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OH, YEAH, THAT'S THE PLANE THAT
CHARLES LINDBERGH FLEW TO PARIS.
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HE WON $25,000.
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HI, CAN I HELP YOU?
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WE NEED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
THE HISTORY OF FLIGHT.
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YOU MUST BE THE TREE
HOUSE DETECTIVES.
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WE MOST CERTAINLY ARE.
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I'M GENERAL JACK DAILEY,
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THE DIRECTOR OF THE SMITHSONIAN'S
NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM.
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CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE
HISTORY OF THE WRIGHTS' PLANE?
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THE WRIGHTS WERE THE FIRST TO SOLVE
THE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF FLIGHT.
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THESE TWO DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES THAT ARE STILL
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IN PLACE TODAY, AND
THEY CHANGED OUR LIVES.
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WE KNOW THAT CONTESTS
PLAYED AN IMPORTANT PART
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IN THE HISTORY OF AVIATION.
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WHY IS THAT?
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COMPETITION IS IMPORTANT
NO MATTER WHAT WE'RE DOING,
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WHETHER PLAYING SOCCER OR TRYING
TO BUILD A BETTER AIRPLANE.
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IF YOU WANT TO BE THE BEST,
YOU HAVE TO WORK HARDER.
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THE RACE TO SPACE WAS
ANOTHER COMPETITION?
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IT WAS A RACE BETWEEN THE
U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION.
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BUT WHAT STARTED AS A COMPETITION
HAS NOW TURNED INTO A PARTNERSHIP,
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WITH THE UNITED STATES, RUSSIA,
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AND OTHER COUNTRIES BUILDING
AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
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WE NEED TO LEARN ABOUT
FORCES OF FLIGHT.
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IS THERE A PLACE WE CAN EXPLORE?
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THERE SURE IS; IT'S
CALLED HOW THINGS FLY.
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KALI, THIS IS SO NEAT.
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I WONDER IF THESE CONTROLS
HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH LIFT.
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USE THE AILERONS, ELEVATOR,
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AND RUDDER TO CONTROL
ROLL, PITCH, AND YAW.
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HEY, BIANCA.
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I CAN SEE THE FOUR
FORCES OF FLIGHT WORKING.
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WE NEED TO GO.
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BUT I'M HAVING TOO MUCH FUN.
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GUESS WHERE WE WENT THIS WEEKEND?
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I DON'T KNOW; OUTER SPACE?
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FUNNY, DR. D. WE WENT TO
THE AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM.
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DID YOU SEE THE WRIGHTS' PLANE?
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YEAH, IT WAS SO COOL.
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DID YOU KNOW A GUST OF WIND CAME UP
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AND SENT THE FLYER
TUMBLING ACROSS THE SAND?
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IS THAT WHY IT NEVER FLEW AGAIN?
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THAT'S RIGHT; IT WAS DAMAGED.
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TODAY PLANES ARE BUILT DIFFERENTLY.
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WE LEARNED ABOUT THE
FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT.
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR FORCES?
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LIFT PUSHES A PLANE UPWARD.
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WEIGHT IS EARTH'S
GRAVITY PULLING DOWN.
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THRUST, WHICH IS THE POWER TO
PUSH A PLANE THROUGH THE AIR.
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AND DRAG.
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WHY IS IT IMPORTANT WE
UNDERSTAND ALL FOUR FORCES?
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I WOULD GUESS YOU HAVE TO HAVE
ALL OF THEM TO MAKE A PLANE FLY.
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YES, THEY'RE ALL CONNECTED.
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CHANGING THE THRUST ALSO
AFFECTS THE LIFT AND THE DRAG.
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WE MUST FIRST EXAMINE
THEM INDIVIDUALLY.
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CAN WE START WITH
THE FORCE OF LIFT?
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SURE; WHAT PART OF THE PLANE
DO YOU THINK PROVIDES LIFT?
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I WOULD SAY THE WINGS.
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THE WINGS ARE DESIGNED
TO PUSH AIR DOWNWARD.
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THE AIR FLOWING OVER
THE TOP OF THE WING
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AND UNDERNEATH ARE
BOTH BENT DOWNWARD.
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THESE FAN BLADES ARE
JUST LIKE A WING.
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LOOK AT THE BLADES.
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SEE HOW THEY'RE ANGLED?
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WHY IS THAT?
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THE BLADES ARE ANGLED UPWARD
FROM THE DIRECTION OF THE MOTION.
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THIS ALLOWS THE BLADES
TO PUSH AIR DOWNWARD.
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HOW DO PLANE WINGS
COMPARE TO FAN BLADES?
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AS THE FAN BLADES SPIN, THEY CUT
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THROUGH THE AIR LIKE
AN AIRPLANE WING.
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TAKE A LOOK AT THIS AIRPLANE
THAT I GOT MANY YEARS AGO.
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NOTICE HOW THE WING
IS SLANTED UPWARD
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WITH THE FRONT EDGE
HIGHER THAN THE BACK.
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TURN ON THE FAN AND
SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
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THOSE FAN BLADES ARE
PUSHING A LOT OF AIR.
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HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE
AIR PUSHED DOWN BY THE FAN?
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IT COULD SPIN FASTER.
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A FASTER BLADE IS LIKE A WING
FLYING THROUGH THE AIR FASTER,
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PUSHING MORE AIR DOWN.
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WHY DOES A WING NEED
TO PUSH AIR DOWN?
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THAT'S WHAT PROVIDES LIFT.
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I DON'T GET IT.
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HOW DOES PUSHING AIR
DOWN CREATE LIFT?
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SIR ISAAC NEWTON SAID, "FOR
EVERY ACTION, THERE IS AN EQUAL
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AND OPPOSITE REACTION."
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SO WHEN THE WING PUSHES
THE AIR DOWNWARD,
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THE AIR IS PUSHING UP ON THE WING?
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CORRECT AGAIN.
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LET'S TRY AN EXPERIMENT.
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TIP THE FAN UP LIKE THIS,
AND PUT IT ON THESE SKATES.
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NOW, THE FAN'S GOING TO PUSH THE
AIR THIS WAY; THAT'S THE ACTION.
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AND THE AIR'S GOING TO PUSH THE FAN
THE OTHER WAY; THAT'S THE REACTION.
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ALL RIGHT.
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I BET THE PROBLEM WITH
OUR PLANE LAST YEAR WAS
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THAT WE DIDN'T HAVE
AN ANGLE ON THE WING.
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WE COULDN'T PUSH THE AIR
DOWNWARD AND GET AN UPWARD LIFT.
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WE NEED TO ANGLE THE WING
UP, AND IT WOULD WORK BETTER.
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I BELIEVE THE AIR WOULD PUSH UP ON
THIS MODEL PLANE AND GIVE IT LIFT,
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BUT IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE
AIR CAN GIVE LIFT
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TO SOMETHING AS BIG AS JETS.
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THEY WEIGH A LOT MORE, BUT I
GUESS THEIR WINGS ARE BIGGER.
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IT'S LIKE MAGIC, BUT
IT'S REAL SCIENCE.
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TO REALLY UNDERSTAND LIFT, YOU
NEED TO VISIT A WIND TUNNEL.
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WHY DON'T YOU CONTACT
LUTHER JENKINS OVER AT NASA?
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WOW, THIS IS REALLY NEAT.
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HAVE YOU SEEN A WIND TUNNEL?
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I'VE NEVER BEEN IN ONE,
BUT I'VE SEEN THEM ON TV.
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THIS IS ONE OF 30 WIND TUNNELS
AT NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH.
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WE FOUND OUT AT THE
AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM
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THAT THE WRIGHT BROTHERS BUILT
THEIR OWN WIND TUNNEL IN 1901.
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THEY COLLECTED DATA
TO BUILD A GLIDER.
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WHAT DO YOU USE WIND TUNNELS FOR?
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WE USE WIND TUNNELS TO
EXAMINE HOW THE AIR FLOWS
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OVER DIFFERENT OBJECTS
LIKE PLANES, CARS,
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WINGS, AND EVEN TIRES.
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THIS HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW THEY
WILL PERFORM AND GIVES US INSIGHT
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SO WE CAN DEVELOP NEW DESIGNS.
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IS THERE ANYTHING YOU CAN SHOW ME?
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DR. D. SHOWED YOU HOW THE
ANGLE DEFLECTS THE AIR
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DOWN TO CREATE LIFT.
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I'LL SHOW YOU HOW AIR
FLOWS OVER A WING.
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THIS IS A DIFFERENT
WAY OF LOOKING AT LIFT.
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COME WITH ME.
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OKAY.
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WHAT DO YOU MEAN, YOU'LL
SHOW ME HOW AIR GOES
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OVER THE TOP OF THE WINGS?
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WE CAN SEE AIR?
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NO, SO WE USE SMOKE
TO VISUALIZE THE AIR.
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SMOKE PARTICLES THAT STRIKE
THE FRONT OF THE WING,
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SOME TRAVEL OVER THE UPPER
SURFACE AND SOME ALONG THE LOWER.
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THE SMOKE IS GOING
FASTER OVER THE TOP.
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THE CURVATURE OF THE UPPER
SURFACE CAUSES THE PARTICLES
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TO TRAVEL FASTER OVER
THE UPPER SURFACE.
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THE FORCE APPLIED BY THESE
FASTER-MOVING PARTICLES
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ON THE UPPER SURFACE IS LOWER
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THAN THE FORCE APPLIED
ON THE LOWER SURFACE.
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THE DIFFERENCE IN
FORCES CREATES LIFT
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AND CAUSES THE PLANE
TO STAY IN THE SKY.
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I WONDER HOW BIG AIRPLANES
STAY IN THE AIR.
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THEY'RE SO LARGE.
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THAT'S TRUE, BUT THEY
ALSO HAVE LARGE WINGS,
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AND AIR HAS MORE SURFACE
AREA OVER WHICH TO TRAVEL.
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THAT GENERATES MORE LIFT
AND KEEPS THEM IN THE SKY.
[00:12:41.253]
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO TEST WINGS?
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SO ENGINEERS WILL
KNOW WHICH ONES TO USE
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FOR THEIR PARTICULAR
DESIGN OR APPLICATION.
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THAT SAVES TIME AND MONEY.
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IT WAS SO INTERESTING SEEING HOW
THE SMOKE WENT OVER THE WINGS.
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I HOPE IT HELPS.
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I'M SURE YOU'LL DO
WELL IN THE CONTEST.
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THANKS.
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I MADE A NEW PLANE FOR THE CONTEST.
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IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO
DESIGN YOUR OWN PLANE,
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CLICK ON THE PROBLEM
BOARD IN THE TREE HOUSE.
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HAVE FUN.
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THIS PLANE LOOKS BETTER
THAN LAST YEAR'S ENTRY.
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I WONDER WHY IT GOES UP LIKE THAT.
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WE MADE THE SAME PLANE LAST YEAR.
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IT DIDN'T WIN, BUT IT
DIDN'T FLY UPWARDS.
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IT LOOKS LIKE ALL THE
VARIABLES ARE THE SAME.
[00:13:22.673]
DO YOU USE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
TO FIGURE OUT PROBLEMS?
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WHEN YOU'RE CONDUCTING AN
EXPERIMENT, IT'S VERY IMPORTANT
[00:13:30.423]
TO KEEP ALL THE VARIABLES THE SAME.
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LET ME SEE YOUR PLANE.
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I WANT TO COMPARE
IT TO LAST YEAR'S.
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I HAVE MY NOTEBOOK OF THE
EXPERIMENTS WE DID LAST YEAR.
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LET'S USE OUR PROBLEM
BOARD TO GET ORGANIZED.
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THIS IS ACTUALLY FUN
AND EASY TO USE.
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WE KNOW THE AIRFLOW UNDER
THE WING MOVES SLOWER
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AND CREATES A HIGHER PRESSURE.
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WE KNOW THAT AIRFLOW UNDER THE
WING PUSHES THE WING UPWARD
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AND HELPS PROVIDE LIFT.
[00:13:56.733]
WE NEED TO KNOW IF THE SIZE OF
THE PLANE'S WINGS AFFECTS LIFT.
[00:14:00.403]
WE NEED TO KNOW MORE
ABOUT THE THRUST AND DRAG.
[00:14:04.043]
WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?
[00:14:05.603]
MAYBE THE "WHY?"
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FILES CLUB CAN HELP US.
[00:14:08.513]
I LOVE TALKING TO
OTHER CLUB MEMBERS.
[00:14:13.203]
WE ARE ONE TEAM, WORKING TOGETHER,
TRYING TO SOLVE A PROBLEM.
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HAS ANYONE DONE AN
EXPERIMENT ON HOW THE SIZE
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OF THE WINGS AFFECTS LIFT?
[00:14:20.763]
I